Repetition Of Key Nouns, Use Of Consistent Fragments, and Sentence Fragment

A.  Coherence

Repetition Of Key Nouns

Repetition of key nouns is one way to achieve coherence is to repeat key nouns frequently in paragraph

Function of repetition key nouns is can used to smooth the flow of sentences and will help the reader remember the main ideas is in the text

Use Of Consistent Pronouns

When you use pronouns, make sure that you you use the same person and number throughout your paragraph. Don’t change from you to he or she (change of person) or from he to they (change of number)

In the following paragraph, the pronouns are not consistent. Correct them to make this paragraph more coherent.

B.  Sentence Problems

Sentences are made when we string words together to convey a complete thought. There are some types of sentence errors that occur more frequently than others. It's important to know the most common types of errors and to avoid them in your writing.

1.      Run-On Sentences & Comma Splice

Some say the comma splice is the most common type of sentence error, but that should be good news for you! The comma splice is an error that is easy to identify and fix. A comma splice occurs when two independent clauses (clauses that could be sentences on their own) are jammed together with a comma.

In English, a clause is a group of words containing a subject and verb. A sentence is a clause that expresses a complete thought. This type of clause is known as an independent clause. Problems occur when independent clauses are joined together incorrectly. Study the following examples.

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Independent Clauses	Incorrect Sentences	Problem
The students worked hard on the project. They deserved a high score.	The students worked hard on the project they deserved a high score.	Run-on
The students worked hard on the project. They deserved a high score.	The students worked hard on the project, they deserved a high score.	Comma Splice

Explanation: The first incorrect sentence is a RUN-ON sentence. The two independent clauses have been joined together without a connector or any punctuation marks. The second incorrect sentence is known as a COMMA SPLICE. Here, a comma has been incorrectly used to join the two independent clauses together. There are four ways to correct such errors.

1. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

 Example: She worked hard on the project, so they deserved a high score.

2. Use a semi-colon followed by a conjunctive adverb, such as: consequently, however, on the other hand, nevertheless, meanwhile, and therefore.

The formula is semi-colon + conjunctive adverb + comma.

 Example: The students worked hard on the project; consequently, they deserved a high score.

3. Use a semi-colon without a connecting word.

 Example: The students worked hard on the project; they deserved a high score.

4. Create two sentences by adding a period at the end of the first independent clause and capitalizing the first word of the second independent clause.

 Example: The students worked hard on the project. They deserved a high score.

2.     Rambling Sentences

Rambling or run-on sentences are sentences that contain several clauses connected by coordinating conjunctions such as: and, or, but, yet, for, nor, and so. A rambling sentence may appear to follow the technical rules of grammar in places, but the sentence as a whole is wrong because it rambles.

3.     Sentences That Are Not Parallel

One portion of the SAT writing test requires students to find and improve poorly-written sentences. It’s important for students to know what problems appear frequently within these sentences, in order to improve their chances of scoring well. One common sentence problem involves non-parallel structure.

4.     Sentence Fragments

A sentence fragment is a statement that cannot stand alone as a sentence, even though it might look like it should be able to. A sentence fragment may be lacking a subject, a verb, or both. It might even contain words that look like subjects and verbs.

Dependent clauses, also known as subordinate clauses, contain subjects and verbs. However, unlike independent clauses, they do not express complete thoughts. They are simply parts of sentences, or fragments. Consider the following examples:

Fragment	When we arrived at the restaurant.
Explanation	Although this fragment, or dependent clause has a subject (we) and a verb (arrived), it has no meaning for the reader. It needs to be joined to an independent clause for it to make sense.
Corrected	When we arrived at the restaurant, our friends were already waiting for us.

Fragment	Because she was excited about the wedding.
Explanation	Like the first example, this fragment, or dependent clause contains a subject (she) and a verb (was), but it makes no sense on its own. However, we can easily correct the problem by joining the fragment, to an independent clause, as above.
Corrected	Because she was excited about the wedding, she couldn't sleep.